• OUR LADY of CZĘSTOCHOWA: st Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionOUR LADY of CZĘSTOCHOWA
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
link to OUR LADY of PERPETUAL HELP in SŁOMCZYN infoSITE LOGO

Roman Catholic
St Sigismund parish
05-507 Słomczyn
85 Wiślana Str.
Konstancin deanery
Warsaw archdiocese, Poland

  • St SIGISMUND: St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
  • St SIGISMUND: XIX c., feretory, St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland; source: own collectionSt SIGISMUND
    XIX c., feretory
    St Sigismund parish church, Słomczyn, Poland
    source: own collection
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Martyrology of the clergy — Poland

XX century (1914 – 1989)

personal data

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  • KOWNACKI Martin Stanislav, source: archiwum.allegro.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOWNACKI Martin Stanislav
    source: archiwum.allegro.pl
    own collection

surname

KOWNACKI

forename(s)

Martin Stanislav (pl. Marcin Stanisław)

  • KOWNACKI Martin Stanislav - Commemorative plaque, St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist cathedral, Toruń, source: gdansk.ipn.gov.pl, own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOWNACKI Martin Stanislav
    Commemorative plaque, St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist cathedral, Toruń
    source: gdansk.ipn.gov.pl
    own collection
  • KOWNACKI Martin Stanislav - Commemorative plaque, porch, Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven cathedral, Pelplin, source: own collection; CLICK TO ZOOM AND DISPLAY INFOKOWNACKI Martin Stanislav
    Commemorative plaque, porch, Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven cathedral, Pelplin
    source: own collection

function

diocesan priest

creed

Latin (Roman Catholic) Church RCmore on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.09.21]

diocese / province

Culm (Chełmno) diocesemore on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2012.11.23]

date and place
of death

18.05.1942

KL Dachau - MunichGermany (Bavaria) – Austria

alt. dates and places
of death

17.06.1942 (KL Dachau „death certificate” date)

details of death

During the German occupation (Prussian partition of Poland) — while studying at the Germ. Königliches Kaiser Wilhelm–Gymnasium (Eng. Emperor William Royal Gymnasium) in Ostróda, expelled from school for Polish „clandestine independence activities”. Completed his education in Metz in France and in Baden–Baden in Germany.

After German and Russian invasion of Poland in 09.1939 and start of the World War II, after start of German occupation, arrested by the Germans on 26.10.1939.

Jailed in Dębowa Łąka.

Next on 06.12.1939 moved to Chełmno monastery.

From there on 22.02.1940 transported to KL Stutthof concentration camp.

On 09‑10.04.1940 transported to KL Sachsenhausen concentration camp and next on 14.12.1939 to KL Dachau concentration camp.

Finally from there — totally exhausted — transported in a so‑called „invalid transport” towards TA Hartheim Euthanasia Center where was to be murdered in a gas chamber.

Did not reach the destination — prob. died during the first stage of the trip to TA Hartheim, on the way to Munich, and there dragged out of the truck and incinerated in city crematorium.

alt. details of death

According to some sources on 03.11.1939 moved to Obory transit camp.

cause of death

extermination: gassing in a gas chamber

perpetrators

Germans

date and place
of birth

05.11.1886

Wąbrzeźnotoday: Wąbrzeźno urban gm., Wąbrzeźno pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]

alt. dates and places
of birth

15.11.1886

presbyter (holy orders)
ordination

29.03.1914 (Pelpin cathedralmore on
pl.wikipedia.org
[access: 2014.11.14]
)

positions held

1935 – 1939

parish priest — Wrockitoday: Golub–Dobrzyń gm., Golub–Dobrzyń pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
⋄ St Martin, the Bishop and Confessor RC parish ⋄ Golubtoday: district of Golub–Dobrzyń, Golub–Dobrzyń gm., Golub–Dobrzyń pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
RC deanery

1923 – 1935

curatus/rector/expositus — Lipnicatoday: Szamotuły gm., Szamotuły pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]
⋄ St Michael the Archangel RC church ⋄ Golubtoday: district of Golub–Dobrzyń, Golub–Dobrzyń gm., Golub–Dobrzyń pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
, St Catherine of Alexandria the Virgin and Martyr RC parish ⋄ Golubtoday: district of Golub–Dobrzyń, Golub–Dobrzyń gm., Golub–Dobrzyń pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
RC deanery

1921 – 1923

curatus/rector/expositus — Grudziądztoday: Grudziądz city pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
⋄ Penitentiary Institute ⋄ Exaltation of the Holy Cross RC church ⋄ St Nicholas the Bishop and Confessor RC parish (main parish)Grudziądztoday: Grudziądz city pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
RC deanery

1918 – 1921

curatus/rector/expositus — Chełmnotoday: Chełmno urban gm., Chełmno pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.25]
⋄ Congregation's house and hospital, Daughters of Charity FdlC ⋄ St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist RC church ⋄ Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary RC parish ⋄ Chełmnotoday: Chełmno urban gm., Chełmno pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.07.25]
RC deanery — also: chaplain of the Daughters of Charity FdlC and prefect of the boarding school for boys, in 1920‑1921 director of the Municipal Secondary School for Girls (prob. Girls' Secondary School for Refugees from the Borderlands)

vicar — Nowa Cerkiewtoday: Chojnice gm., Chojnice pov., Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
⋄ St Mary Magdalene RC parish ⋄ Tuchola / Chojnicedeanery names/seats
today: Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
RC deanery

vicar — Kamień Pomorskitoday: Kamień Krajeński, Kamień Krajeński gm., Sępólno Krajeńskie pov., Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
⋄ Blessed Virgin Mary and St Peter and St Paul the Apostles RC parish ⋄ Kamień Pomorskitoday: Kamień Krajeński, Kamień Krajeński gm., Sępólno Krajeńskie pov., Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
RC deanery

vicar — Radawnicatoday: Złotów gm., Złotów pov., Greater Poland voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.12.18]
⋄ St Barbara the Virgin and Martyr RC parish

vicar — Grodzicznotoday: Grodziczno gm., Nowe Miasto Lubawskie pov., Warmia–Masuria voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
⋄ St Peter and St Paul the Apostles RC parish

vicar — Skarlintoday: Nowe Miasto Lubawskie gm., Nowe Miasto Lubawskie pov., Warmia–Masuria voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.09.02]
⋄ St Bartholomew the Apostle RC parish

1916 – 1921

membership — Toruńtoday: Toruń city pov., Kuyavia–Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.06.20]
⋄ scientific society

1910 – 1914

student — Pelplintoday: Pelplin gm., Tczew pov., Pomerania voiv., Poland
more on
en.wikipedia.org
[access: 2021.05.06]
⋄ philosophy and theology, Theological Seminary

comments

The urn containing the ashes of the victim — the body was prob. cremated at Germ. Ostfriedhof (Eng. Eastern cemetery) in Munich — is being kept in Am Perlacher Forst cemetery, at place known as Germ. Ehrenhain I (Eng. „Remembrance Grove nr 1”), in Munich (marked as urn no K4007)

others related
in death

KOWNACKIClick to display biography Bronislav, KOMARClick to display biography Stanislav, KONIECZNYClick to display biography Julian, KOTLICKIClick to display biography Ignatius, KOTTClick to display biography Valentine, KOWALEWSKIClick to display biography Stanislav, KOWALSKIClick to display biography John (Abp Mary Michael), KOZANECKIClick to display biography Adam, KOŹBIAŁClick to display biography Michael, KRAWCZYŃSKIClick to display biography Roman, KROPLEWSKIClick to display biography Albin John, KRUKOWSKIClick to display biography Joseph, KRUPCZYŃSKIClick to display biography Casimir Stanislav, KUBIŃSKIClick to display biography Stanislav, KUKLAClick to display biography Stanislav, KULIŃSKIClick to display biography Steven, KUTZNERClick to display biography Leo, KWAŚKIEWICZClick to display biography Leo Henry, KWIATKOWSKIClick to display biography Boleslav, LEWANDOWSKIClick to display biography Francis, LUDWICZAKClick to display biography Anthony John, LUDWIKClick to display biography Joseph, LUDWIKIEWICZClick to display biography Steven Ignatius, ŁABENTOWICZClick to display biography Sigismund Peter, ŁASZKIEWICZClick to display biography Stanislav, MAJKOWSKIClick to display biography Hillary, MAKOWSKIClick to display biography Alexander, MARUSARZClick to display biography Stanislav, MATEUSZCZYKClick to display biography Theodore, MAZALONClick to display biography Benjamin Louis, MICHALEWSKIClick to display biography John, MICKIEWICZClick to display biography Leo, MIJAKOWSKIClick to display biography Bogdan Joseph, MOKSClick to display biography Steven Andrew, MOSZCZEŃSKIClick to display biography Stanislav, MREŁAClick to display biography Francis Xavier (Fr Sigismund), MŚCICHOWSKIClick to display biography Anthony, MULLERClick to display biography Joseph Stanislav Kostka, MUSZYŃSKIClick to display biography Sigismund, NAPIERAŁAClick to display biography Francis, NIEDZIELAClick to display biography Joseph, NITECKIClick to display biography Anthony, NOAKClick to display biography Theodore, NOWAKClick to display biography Vincent, NOWICKIClick to display biography Felician, NOWICKIClick to display biography Joseph Henry, OGŁAZAClick to display biography Joseph Stanislav, OPRZĄDEKClick to display biography John (Bro. Martin), ORYNTClick to display biography Peter, OSIŃSKIClick to display biography Henry, PABICHClick to display biography Stanislav, PACEWSKIClick to display biography Anthony

murder sites
camp 
(+ prisoner no)

TA Hartheim: In Germ. Tötungsanstalt TA Hartheim (Eng. Killing/Euthanasia Center), in Schloss Hartheim castle in Alkoven village in Upper Austria, belonging to KL Mauthausen–Gusen complex of concentration camps, as part of «Aktion T4», the victims — underdeveloped mentally — were murdered by Germans in gas chambers. In 04.1941 Germans expanded the program to include prisoners held in concentration camps. Most if not all religious from KL Dachau were taken to Hartheim in so called „transports of invalids” (denoted as „Aktion 14 f 13”) — prisoners sick and according to German standards „unable to work” — from KL Dachau concentration camp (initially under the guise of a transfer to a „better” camp).
Note: The dates of death of victims murdered in Schloss Hartheim indicated in the „White Book” are the dates of deportations from the last concentration camp the victims where held in. The real dates of death are unknown — apart from c. 49 priests whose names were included in the „transports of invalids”, but who did arrive at TA Hartheim. Prob. perished on the day of transport, somewhere between KL Dachau and Munich, and their bodies were thrown out of the transport and cremated in Munich. The investigation conducted by Polish Institute of National Remembrance IPN concluded, that the other victims were murdered immediately upon arrival in Schloss Hartheim, bodies cremated and the ashes spread over local fields and into Danube river. In order to hide details of the genocided Germans falsified both dates of death (for instance those entered into KL Dachau concentration camp books, presented in „White Book” as alternative dates of death) and their causes. (more on: ipn.gov.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2019.05.30]
, en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2019.05.30]
)

«Aktion T4»: German euthanasia program, systematic murder of people mentally retarded, chronically, mentally and neurologically ill — „elimination of live not worth living” (Germ. „Vernichtung von lebensunwertem Leben”). At a peak, in 1940‑1941, c. 70,000 people were murdered, including patients of psychiatric hospitals in German occupied Poland. From 04.1941 also mentally ill and „disabled” (i.e. unable to work) prisoners held in German concentration camps were included in the program — denoted then as „Aktion 14 f 13”. C. 20,000 inmates were then murdered, including Polish Catholic priests held in KL Dachau concentration camp, who were murdered in Hartheim gas chambers. The other „regional extension” of «Aktion T4» was „Aktion Brandt” program during which Germans murdered chronically ill patients in order to make space for wounded soldiers. It is estimated that at least 30,000 were murdered in this program. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.10.31]
)

KL Dachau (prisoner no: 22431Click to display biography): KL Dachau in German Bavaria, set up in 1933, became the main concentration camp for Catholic priests and religious during World War II: On c. 09.11.1940, Reichsführer–SS Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, Gestapo and German police, as a result of the Vatican's intervention, decided to transfer all clergymen detained in various concentration camps to KL Dachau camp. The first major transports took place on 08.12.1940. In KL Dachau Germans held approx. 3,000 priests, including 1,800 Poles. The priests were forced to slave labor in the Germ. „Die Plantage” — the largest herb garden in Europe, managed by the genocidal SS, consisting of many greenhouses, laboratory buildings and arable land, where experiments with new natural medicines were conducted — for many hours, without breaks, without protective clothing, no food. They slaved in construction, e.g. of camp's crematorium. In the barracks ruled hunger, freezing cold in the winter and suffocating heat during the summer. Prisoners suffered from bouts of illnesses, including tuberculosis. Many were victims of murderous „medical experiments” — in 11.1942 c. 20 were given phlegmon injections; in 07.1942 to 05.1944 c. 120 were used by for malaria experiments. More than 750 Polish clerics where murdered by the Germans, some brought to Schloss Hartheim euthanasia centre and murdered in gas chambers. At its peak KL Dachau concentration camps’ system had nearly 100 slave labour sub–camps located throughout southern Germany and Austria. There were c. 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands perished without a trace. C. 10,000 of the 30,000 inmates were found sick at the time of liberation, on 29.04.1945, by the USA troops… (more on: www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.deClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.08.10]
, en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2016.05.30]
)

KL Sachsenhausen: In KL Sachsenhausen concentration camp, set up in the former Olympic village in 07.1936, hundreds of Polish priests were held in 1940, before being transported to KL Dachau. Some of them perished in KL Sachsenhausen. Murderous medical experiments on prisoners were carried out in the camp. In 1942‑1944 c. 140 prisoners slaved at manufacturing false British pounds, passports, visas, stamps and other documents. Other prisoners also had to do slave work, for Heinkel aircraft manufacturer, AEG and Siemens among others. On average c. 50,000 prisoners were held at any time. Altogether more than 200,000 inmates were in jailed in KL Sachsenhausen and its branched, out of which tens of thousands perished. Prior to Russian arrival mass evacuation was ordered by the Germans and c. 80,000 prisoners were marched west in so‑called „death marches” to other camps, i.e. KL Mauthausen–Gusen and KL Bergen–Belsen. The camp got liberated on 22.04.1945. After end of armed hostilities Germans set up there secret camp for German prisoners and „suspicious” Russian soldiers. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2018.11.18]
)

KL Stutthof: In KL Stutthof (then in Eastern Prussian belonging to Germany, today: Sztutowo village) concentration camp, that Germans started to build on 02.09.1939, a day after German invasion of Poland and start of the World War II, Germans held c. 100‑127 thousands prisoners from 28 countries, including 47 thousands women and children. C. 65,000 victims were murdered and exterminated. In the period of 25.01–27.04.1945 in the face of approaching Russian army Germans evacuated the camp. When on 09.05.1945 Russians soldiers entered the camp only 100 prisoners were still there. In an initial period (1939‑40) Polish Catholic priests from Pomerania were held captive there before being transported to KL Dachau concentration camp. Some of them were murdered in KL Stutthof or vicinity (for instance in Stegna forest). Also later some Catholic priests were held in KL Stutthof. (more on: stutthof.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2018.11.18]
, en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.07.06]
)

Chełmno-klasztor: On 07.11.1939 Germans — as a part of «Intelligenzaktion» aimed at extermination of Polish intelligentsia and ruling classes — interned in Daughters of Charity FdlC monastery in Chełmno more than dozen Polish priests prior to transporting them to KL Stutthof concentration camp. (more on: pl.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.03.10]
)

Obory: From 30.10.1939 till 22.02.1940 in a Carmelite fathers’ convent Germans — German political police Gestapo and members of the genocidal German organization Germ. Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Eng. Self‑Defense) collaborating with it — held up to 100 Polish priest from Płock and Chełmno dioceses. After four months of internment — in extremely difficult conditions, in the middle of a very hard winter, without heating or outer clothes, on unchanged straw in cold cells, without food (saved only by the local residents who shared with them their own food), forced to perform forced slave labor — almost everyone was deported to concentration camps: initially KL Stutthof and KL Sachsenhausen. Most of them perished there. (more on: pl.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2013.08.17]
, www.obory.com.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.12.28]
)

Dębowa Łąka: One of temporary prisons set up by the Germans in 1939, as part of «Intelligenzaktion» — extermination of Polish intelligentsia in Pomerania — in a palace owned by the Sisters Shepherdesses of Divine Providence, for catholic priests from Wąbrzeźno county. In 1954‑1957 one of the concentration and slave labour camps organised by Commie–Nazi authorities in Russian republic prl for religious sisters and nuns during Action X‑2. (more on: pl.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.10.31]
)

«Intelligenzaktion»: (Eng. „Action Intelligentsia”) — extermination program of Polish elites, mainly intelligentsia, executed by the Germans right from the start of the occupation in 09.1939 till around 05.1940, mainly on the lands directly incorporated into Germany but also in the so‑called General Governorate where it was called «AB‑aktion». During the first phase right after start of German occupation of Poland implemented as Germ. Unternehmen „Tannenberg” (Eng. „Tannenberg operation”) — plan based on proscription lists of Poles worked out by (Germ. Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen), regarded by Germans as specially dangerous to the German Reich. List contained names of c. 61,000 Poles. Altogether during this genocide Germans methodically murdered c. 50,000 teachers, priests, landowners, social and political activists and retired military. Further 50,000 were sent to concentration camps where most of them perished. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2014.10.04]
)

Ribbentrop-Molotov: Genocidal Russian–German alliance pact between Russian leader Joseph Stalin and German leader Adolf Hitler signed on 23.08.1939 in Moscow by respective foreign ministers, Mr. Vyacheslav Molotov for Russia and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany. The pact sanctioned and was the direct cause of joint Russian and German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the World War II in 09.1939. In a political sense, the pact was an attempt to restore the status quo ante before 1914, with one exception, namely the „commercial” exchange of the so–called „Kingdom of Poland”, which in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire, fore Eastern Galicia (today's western Ukraine), in 1914 belonging to the Austro–Hungarian Empire. Galicia, including Lviv, was to be taken over by the Russians, the „Kingdom of Poland” — under the name of the General Governorate — Germany. The resultant „war was one of the greatest calamities and dramas of humanity in history, for two atheistic and anti–Christian ideologies — national and international socialism — rejected God and His fifth Decalogue commandment: Thou shall not kill!” (Abp Stanislaus Gądecki, 01.09.2019). The decisions taken — backed up by the betrayal of the formal allies of Poland, France and Germany, which on 12.09.1939, at a joint conference in Abbeville, decided not to provide aid to attacked Poland and not to take military action against Germany (a clear breach of treaty obligations with Poland) — were on 28.09.1939 slightly altered and made more precise when a treaty on „German–Russian boundaries and friendship” was agreed by the same murderous signatories. One of its findings was establishment of spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe and in consequence IV partition of Poland. In one of its secret annexes agreed, that: „the Signatories will not tolerate on its respective territories any Polish propaganda that affects the territory of the other Side. On their respective territories they will suppress all such propaganda and inform each other of the measures taken to accomplish it”. The agreements resulted in a series of meeting between two genocidal organization representing both sides — German Gestapo and Russian NKVD when coordination of efforts to exterminate Polish intelligentsia and Polish leading classes (in Germany called «Intelligenzaktion», in Russia took the form of Katyń massacres) where discussed. Resulted in deaths of hundreds of thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including thousands of priests presented here, and tens of millions of ordinary people,. The results of this Russian–German pact lasted till 1989 and are still in evidence even today. (more on: en.wikipedia.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2015.09.30]
)

Pius XI's encyclicals: Facing the creation of two totalitarian systems in Europe, which seemed to compete with each other, though there were more similarities than contradictions between them, Pope Pius XI issued in 03.1937 (within 5 days) two encyclicals. In the „Mit brennender Sorge” (Eng. „With Burning Concern”) published on 14.03.1938, condemned the national socialism prevailing in Germany. The Pope wrote: „Whoever, following the old Germanic–pre–Christian beliefs, puts various impersonal fate in the place of a personal God, denies the wisdom of God and Providence […], whoever exalts earthly values: race or nation, or state, or state system, representatives of state power or other fundamental values of human society, […] and makes them the highest standard of all values, including religious ones, and idolizes them, this one […] is far from true faith in God and from a worldview corresponding to such faith”. On 19.03.1937, published „Divini Redemptoris” (Eng. „Divine Redeemer”), in which criticized Russian communism, dialectical materialism and the class struggle theory. The Pope wrote: „Communism deprives man of freedom, and therefore the spiritual basis of all life norms. It deprives the human person of all his dignity and any moral support with which he could resist the onslaught of blind passions […] This is the new gospel that Bolshevik and godless communism preaches as a message of salvation and redemption of humanity”… Pius XI demanded that the established human law be subjected to the natural law of God , recommended the implementation of the ideal of a Christian state and society, and called on Catholics to resist. Two years later, National Socialist Germany and Communist Russia came together and started World War II. (more on: www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28]
, www.vatican.vaClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2023.05.28]
)

sources

personal:
www.niedziela.diecezja.torun.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23]
, www.torun.opoka.org.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23]
, www.ipgs.usClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2012.11.23]
, arolsen-archives.orgClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2019.05.30]

bibliographical:
Martyrology of the Polish Roman Catholic clergy under nazi occupation in 1939‑1945”, Victor Jacewicz, John Woś, vol. I‑V, Warsaw Theological Academy, 1977‑1981
Urns kept at the Am Perlacher Forst cemetery — analysis”, Mr Gregory Wróbel, curator of the Museum of Independence Traditions in Łódź, private correspondence, 25.05.2020
Biographical dictionary of priests of the Chełmno diocese ordained in the years 1821‑1920”, Henry Mross, Pelplin, 1995
original images:
archiwum.allegro.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2018.11.18]
, gdansk.ipn.gov.plClick to attempt to display webpage
[access: 2020.10.02]

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